Ralston Crawford

From top to bottom: Whitestone Bridge (1939), Boat and Grain Elevators No. 2 (1942), From the Bridge (1942), Nassau #5 (1963-1967)

“Painter, printmaker, and photographer Ralston Crawford created both abstract compositions and representational images characterized by precision, clarity, and rational geometry. Crawford spent his youth in Buffalo, New York and often accompanied his father, a ship’s captain, on travels on the Great Lakes. He studied art at the Otis Art Institute in Los Angeles and worked at the Walt Disney Studio before enrolling at the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts in Philadelphia. In 1932-33, he attended two academy schools in Paris. Thereafter, he was based in New York City, but traveled frequently to teach at institutions throughout the United States.

In the 1930s, Crawford perfected a stripped-down, ascetic style associated with the movement known as precisionism for its hard-edged linear emphasis, invisible brushwork and smooth surfaces, and dispassionate approach. Drawn to the subject of the sea, he also focused on industrial structures, which he rendered in terms of their pure geometry, as worthy aesthetic objects. Toward the end of the decade, Crawford began to discard the semblance of representation, using objective form as the basis for abstract arrangements of shapes, lines, and colors. The increasingly geometric approach he took in the late 1940s seemed at odds with the then-rising movement known as abstract expressionism, which privileged tactile evidence of the artist’s emotional response and rapid process. However, Crawford regarded his own seemingly controlled, rational work as deeply reflective of emotional experience.

In the mid-1930s Crawford took up photography. He made his first lithograph in 1940 but did not begin printmaking seriously until 1949, when he embarked on a decade of creative experimentation in the medium of lithography. Profoundly affected by the devastation of World War II and his experience as a witness of the atomic bomb test at Bikini Atoll in the Pacific in 1946, Crawford turned to expressively jagged lines and strong color contrasts in works that continued to bear the impress of precisionism’s clean edges and self-effacing smooth surfaces. Following the first of many visits to New Orleans, he used the inspiration of its jazz music to create vivid images of the life of its ordinary inhabitants. Crawford often used photographs and earlier paintings as the basis for prints. His first solo show, in 1934, was followed by many more, including a retrospective exhibition at New York’s Whitney Museum of American Art in 1985. Largely neglected by critics in his day, Crawford increasingly is recognized as an inspired practitioner of mid-twentieth-century modernism.”

-The Terra Foundation for American Art

Milton Avery

From top to bottom: Interlude (1960), Black Sea (1959), White Sea (1947), Offshore Island (1958)

“Milton Avery’s landscapes, still lifes, and figure compositions derive their expressive power from their abstracted, flat shapes and luminous yet subtle color. His subjects seem unremarkable, but the manner in which he treats them is exceptional, for through his strong, simple designs, his intimate scenes take on monumental presence.

Avery was born in New York, in 1885 and in 1898 moved with his family to Wilson Station, Conn. From 1901 to 1911 he held many mechanical and construction jobs, but he became interested in art while taking a lettering course (some time between 1905 and 1911) at the Connecticut League of Art Students in Hartford. Avery continued classes there until 1918, when he entered Hartford’s School of the Art Society. He moved to New York in 1925 and in 1926 married Sally Michel, a fellow artist who was often the subject of his work. Avery attended evening classes at the Art Students League and in 1927 started exhibiting regularly in group shows. The following year Avery and artist Mark Rothko became friends, and Rothko, in turn, introduced him to Adolph Gottlieb and Barnett Newman, all leading Abstract Expressionist artists. His friendship with them did not lead him to share their commitment to total abstraction, however.

Although rooted in the American Scene tradition, Avery’s work was too abstract to assign him a place in that group; and though he was a friend of the foremost Abstract Expressionists, his work was too representational to belong to the non-objective movements of the 1940s and 1950s. Avery’s colorful, simplified forms, and explicit yet subtly toned contours, defy classification. Yet the freshness and uncomplicated nature of his images linked him with other independent American modernists, such as Arthur Dove, John Marin, and Lee Gatch, all, like Avery, artists whose work was greatly admired and collected in depth by Duncan Phillips.”

-From The Phillips Collection

Andrew Wyeth

From top to bottom: Christina’s World (1948), Snow Flurries (1953), Brown Swiss (1957), Her Room (1963)

“Wyeth gave America a prim and flinty view of Puritan rectitude, starchily sentimental, through parched gray and brown pictures of spooky frame houses, desiccated fields, deserted beaches, circling buzzards and craggy-faced New Englanders. A virtual Rorschach test for American culture during the better part of the last century, Wyeth split public opinion as vigorously as, and probably even more so than, any other American painter including the other modern Andy, Warhol, whose milieu was as urban as Wyeth’s was rural.

Because of his popularity, a bad sign to many art world insiders, Wyeth came to represent middle-class values and ideals that modernism claimed to reject, so that arguments about his work extended beyond painting to societal splits along class, geographical and educational lines. One art historian, in response to a 1977 survey in Art News magazine about the most underrated and overrated artists of the century, nominated Wyeth for both categories.

Art critics mostly heaped abuse on his work, saying he gave realism a bad name. Supporters said he spoke to the silent majority who jammed his exhibitions. ‘In today’s scrambled-egg school of art, Wyeth stands out as a wild-eyed radical,’ one journalist wrote in 1963, speaking for the masses. ‘For the people he paints wear their noses in the usual place, and the weathered barns and bare-limbed trees in his starkly simple landscapes are more real than reality.'”

-Excerpt from NYT Obituary by Michael Kimmelman

Vilhelm Hammershøi

From top to bottom: Interior (1899), Interior (ca. 1903-1904), Sunbeams; Dust Motes Dancing in the Sunbeams (1900), Interior with Potted Plant on Card Table (1910-1911)

Ida, facing away.

The artists’ wife turned into the walls, turned onto herself, floating in the intimate foyers of the home she shared with her husband. The Danish winter painted into the walls, breathing a chilling fog over the cherry wood dining table. At times looking out windows, at times facing the covered brick and plaster of the house bought through inheritance, we wish we could comfort her, to touch her shoulder, hold her hand. But mostly all we get is distance, as if we were seeing her from some great distance. It is in that void between us that all of the fallen leaves of autumn could live.

Occasionally light will shine in through the large French windows, but more often then not a soft glow appears from a indiscernible source, as if the artist himself radiated a light for evenly flooding the room. This unknown luminosity gets caught most in the fabric of Ida’s modest dress, trapped into the deep woven black of floor-length robes that seem more fitting for the maid than for the mistress. Where the harsh black-carbon consumes the light of the room, Ida’s porcelain skin radiates tenderness and delicacy. It is as if the fabric has been draped on her not for warmth or decorum, but to contain an incandescence that would truly set the world alight. If only the walls that encased her – the very ones that she seems so preoccupied by –would crumble or fade, then the dimness of the northern winter sun that hovers low above gray horizon wouldn’t be as unbearable.

And yet, as an undeniable yearning coats the canvas of these melancholic vignettes, calling out to Ida, reaching into the gap that keeps us at bay, she won’t turn around. We’re denied her full grace; the artist refuses us what must be an angelic visage. For why would any man want to hide the face of his beloved if not to keep it only for himself.

Romaine Brooks

From top to bottom: La Veste en Soie Verte (1907), Renata Borgatti au Piano (or) Musical Inspiration (ca. 1920), White Azaleas (1910), Maggie (1904)

“Amazons in the Drawing Room presents Brooks’s work in relation to early twentieth-century European society, and contemporary ideas about personal identity, class, and sexuality. The exhibition comprises four main sections: Portraits; Self-Portraits; Images of Ida Rubinstein; and Drawings. Brooks’s painting was influenced by three main elements: her place in elite European social circles; her involvement in the homosexual literary and artistic culture of Paris; and her childhood experiences. Brooks’s works are also a visual record of the changing status of women in society, and of Brooks own refusal to conform to the social order of the day. Her rebellious nature can be seen in her paintings of nudes—not traditionally the subject of women artists at that time—and in the androgynous appearance of some of her portraits.

Brooks produced many portraits of Russian dancer and actress Ida Rubinstein during their relationship, which lasted between 1911 and 1914. Among these paintings are La France Croisée (The Cross of France, 1914), in which patriotic heroism is portrayed by a figure cloaked in black bearing the insignia of the Red Cross, and Le Trajet (The Crossing, 1911), which presents an image of female sexuality and morbidity. Also included is Ida Rubinstein (1917), in which Ida’s windswept figure, again wrapped in a black cloak, is the very image of Brooks’s romantic ideal.

Brooks’s predominant subject was portraiture, and at the center of the exhibition are stark, gray-and-black-toned depictions of herself and her circle, which included the artist/filmmaker Jean Cocteau, poet and pro-fascist Gabriele d’Annunzio, pianist Renata Borgatti, and Duchess Elisabeth de Gramont, among others. Brooks’s so-called “amazon” portraits of the 1920s, stylistically influenced by another expatriate artist, James McNeill Whistler, can be seen as the artist’s bold attempt to fashion a lesbian identity for her sitters.”

-Excerpt from Press Release of retrospective of the artist’s work curated by Joe Lucchesi

Sonia Delaunay

From top to bottom: Blanket (1911), Solar Prism (1914), Electric Prisms (1914), Rhythm (1945)

“A world of color would be ideal, where one could create emotions accordingly. We could live by impressions the way a blind man lives by touch. We could vivify or seduce, transmute or emote, the possibilities are endless. A world of color so fine and pure, from the deepest innermost part of the human body to the pale washed evasiveness of the white of the human eye. We could live in a constant state of aura where every feeling manifested itself by color thus removing the lie from mankind.

Sonia Delaunay took an early, perhaps the earliest jump into non-objectivity where color elicited form. Her work serves swift proof of a tenacious intensity with which she threw herself into her art, her life. She lived a philosophy of emotion; delving, gouging, tasting, creating. Through a direct communication with the gut, she relied on intuition rather than intelligence, as did men of stature such as Geothe. She strived to emulate such greatness.

Her work is the embodiment of myth and legend, of the God-like strength granted to man. In that sense it is a proud rival to the majesty of ancient cultures in which there was no separation between art and life. Sonia Delaunay is the modern earth goddess. The ancient was Gaea. She sang the music of the sea and the wind. Primitive sensibility and the communication with the baseness of the earth began there. And the personification of rivers took place in pediments, plant life grew from the tops of columns. One simply entered the inner-self and emerged fresh with the proportion, stylization, and technique fitting.”

-Excerpt from longer interview with the artist conducted by David Seidner (republished in BOMB)

Adriaen Coorte

From top to bottom: Three Peaches on a Stone Ledge (ca. 1705), Gooseberries on a Table (1701), Still Life with Asparagus (1697), Four Apricots on a Stone Ledge (ca 1698)

“The very modesty of Coorte’s pictures has led them to be overlooked. His reputation has not been helped by the fact that no information has turned up about his career; his period of activity has been reconstructed from the dates on his pictures. All his surviving work is of still life, which is limited to the depiction of shells, gooseberries, red currants, medlars, peaches and asparagus. Occasionally and unexpectedly he paints a butterfly hovering over the isolated elements in his pictures. It is possible that these butterflies-usually of the prosaic Cabbage White variety may have some allegorical significance. Transience and the mutability of all things are the usual interpretations given to their presence. His works are always small and carefully painted. The Middleburg of his time was relatively isolated and his personal way of seeing cannot have been popular elsewhere. He has been forgotten for three centuries.”

-Christopher Wright, The Dutch Painters: 100 Seventeenth Century Masters,

Auguste Rodin

From top to Bottom: Small Seated Female Torso (N.D.), Hand of Dumas (N.D.), Andromeda (before 1917), Hands Clasping (N.D.)

“Born to a working-class family in Paris, and despite promising talent, Auguste Rodin (1840–1917) struggled hard to obtain the international fame he would enjoy by the 1890s. After repeatedly failing to gain admission to the prestigious Ecole des Beaux-Arts, he supported himself as a decorative object craftsman and studio assistant. His sculptures from this era were radically different from traditional idealized figures—an indication of the rugged, realistically imperfect forms that would characterize his signature style.

Rodin finally gained state patronage in 1880 after a group of artists petitioned the government to provide him with a studio, financial support, and official commissions for public sculptures, many of which he failed to finish. One such project was the bronze doors known as The Gates of Hell. This unrealized masterpiece obsessed the artist until his death and spawned numerous sculptures enlarged from its figural elements.

Bewildered by their rough edges, tool marks, and lack of finish, the public often considered Rodin’s sculptures unacceptably incomplete and frequently obscene for their sexually charged nature. Nevertheless, Rodin achieved fame and status by the turn of the century. In his groundbreaking modernity, he laid the foundation for twentieth-century masters such as Pablo Picasso, Henri Matisse, and Constantin Brancusi.”

-Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden

Chile Hassam

From top to bottom: The West Wind, The Isle of Sholas (1904), Ravine near Branchville (c. 1910-1919), At Sunset (1900), Peach Blossoms-Villiers-le-Bel (c. 1887-89)

“Childe Hassam (1859–1935), a pioneer of American Impressionism and perhaps its most devoted, prolific, and successful practitioner, was born in Dorchester, Massachusetts (now part of Boston), into a family descended from settlers of the Massachusetts Bay Colony. Equally adept at capturing the excitement of modern cities and the charms of country retreats, Hassam (properly pronounced HASS-am) became the foremost chronicler of New York City at the turn of the century. In our day, he is perhaps best known for his depictions of flag-draped Fifth Avenue during World War I. His finest works manifest his brilliant handling of color and light and reflect his credo (stated in 1892) that “the man who will go down to posterity is the man who paints his own time and the scenes of every-day life around him.”

After establishing his reputation in Boston between 1882 and 1886, Hassam studied from 1886 to 1889 in Paris. There he was unusual among his American contemporaries in his attraction to French Impressionism, which was just beginning to find favor with American collectors. Hassam returned to the United States late in 1889 and took up lifelong residence in New York. His signature images include views of Boston, Paris, and New York, three urban centers whose places and pleasures he captured with affection and originality. Examples include Winter in Union Square and Spring Morning in the Heart of the City, both of which record lively sections of New York during the first decade of Hassam’s activity there.

While Hassam was unusual among the American Impressionists for his frequent depictions of burgeoning cities, he spent long periods in the countryside. There he found respite from urban pressures and inspiration for numerous important works of art. Hassam’s many portrayals of the old-fashioned gardens, rocky coast, and radiant sunlight of the Isles of Shoals, Maine, are among his most cherished works. Among them is the 1901 view Coast Scene, Isles of Shoals, the first canvas by the artist to enter the collection of the Metropolitan Museum. Hassam’s images of Newport, Portsmouth, Old Lyme, Gloucester, and other New England locales also exemplify the late nineteenth-century appreciation of the picturesque region redolent of early American settlement and colonial growth. In 1919, Hassam and his wife purchased a colonial-period house in East Hampton, on the south fork of Long Island, New York, and made it their summer headquarters.

Hassam created more than 2,000 oils, watercolors, pastels, and illustrations, and—after 1912—more than 400 etchings and other prints. With these works he achieved critical acclaim and commercial success, riding the great wave of enthusiasm for American Impressionism to fame and fortune.”

-H. Barbara Weinberg for The Metropolitan Museum of Art

Carmelo Arden Quin

From Top: Murcurial (1945), Coplanal (1945), Négal (1946), Composition (1945-6)

“Carmelo Arden Quin was born in 1913 in Rivera Uruguay, a town on the Brazilian border. He had an uncle who painted cubist paintings, and in 1934 in Rivera Arden Quin created his first surviving painting, “Naturel Morte Cubiste” or “Cubist Still Life.”

In Montevideo twenty-one year old Arden Quin met his mentor, the artist Joaquin Torres-Garcia, then in his sixties. Torres-Garcia had just returned from Europe where he had been influenced by Piet Mondrian and Michel Seufor: Torres-Garcia and Seufor formed the Cercle et Carre group, which included Mondrian and Vantongerloo and was dedicated to geometric and constructivist art. In Montevideo Arden Quin studied under Torres-Garcia and was influenced by his transformable and articulated sculpture pieces.

During the 1940’s Arden Quin joined intellectual writers and artists in Buenos Aires. In 1944, after working on it for several years, he brought out the literary and artistic journal Arturo, in which he applied dialectic materialism of art. He also contributed his prose proem Pegasus Eats Grass in Chaos, which refers (secretly due to censorship) to the horrors of World War II. In August of 1946 Arden Quin read to the public the MADI Manifesto, which he had written, and which launched the MADI movement.”

-Excerpt from the Museum of Geometric and MADI Art